Tag Archives: figures of speech

Anapodoton

Anapodoton (an’-a-po’-do-ton): A figure in which a main clause is suggested by the introduction of a subordinate clause, but that main clause never occurs.

Anapodoton is a kind of anacoluthon, since grammatical expectations are interrupted. If the expression trails off, leaving the subordinate clause incomplete, this is sometimes more specifically called anantapodotonAnapodoton has also named what occurs when a main clause is omitted because the speaker interrupts himself/herself to revise the thought, leaving the initial clause grammatically unresolved but making use of it nonetheless by recasting its content into a new, grammatically complete sentence.

If you think I’m going to shop my head off . . .

Or:

Marriage is always an option–living in a two-person cage, having to share everything, tripping over each other’s dirty clothes, entertaining each other’s friends until one of us dies–an option that seems bleak until you realize that, no matter what, we are here together and that there’s something singularly beautiful about love’s desolation and the spacious emptyness it provides for the negotiation of our otherness in a spirit of endless openness.

Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

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Paragoge

Paragoge (par-a-go’-ge): The addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word. A kind of metaplasm.

Compared to “Mahmoud the Iraniac‘s” tirades against the US, Rouhoni’s overtures and phone call with Obama are encouraging!

Let’s just hope their future meetings aren’t like “Carrying carpets to Kerman” or “Carrying coal to Schuylkill”!

Togther, may they “Carry peace to the world”!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Amphibologia

Amphibologia (am’-fi-bo-lo’-gi-a): Ambiguity of grammatical structure, often occasioned by mispunctuation. [A vice of ambiguity.]

I held a meeting in my tank top. 

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Procatalepsis

Procatalepsis (pro-cat-a-lep’-sis): Refuting anticipated objections.

The opposition believes that our proposal is not warranted by what it believes is moral or by what it believes is practical. We believe, in this particular case, that the opposition’s got it wrong. So wrong, in fact, that their reasoning will take us to a place where none of us want to go be: standing on the side of immorality, mired in a twisted vision of what we should do next, as we waste material and human resources in pursuit of yet another blunder.

Contrary to their vision of what’s expedient and good, our proposal is grounded in what will work and is guided by principles that are pertinent to brining our hoped-for outcome to fruition. All this, without underming our status as a morally sound, reasonable, and forward-looking assembly. In short, our proposal explicitly and prudently assesses the likely pitfalls and prospects that lie ahead, and ecompasses them with a principled and productive plan.

First, as far as our proposal’s practicality is concerned . . .

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Diasyrmus

Diasyrmus (di’-a-syrm-os): Rejecting an argument through ridiculous comparison.

Denying global warming is like sticking a knitting needle in your eye and claiming it’s not there.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Anacoluthon

Anacoluthon (an-a-co-lu’-thon): A grammatical interruption or lack of implied sequence within a sentence. That is, beginning a sentence in a way that implies a certain logical resolution, but concluding it differently than the grammar leads one to expect. Anacoluthon can be either a grammatical fault or a stylistic virtue, depending on its use. In either case, it is an interruption or a verbal lack of symmetry. Anacoluthon is characteristic of spoken language or interior thought, and thus suggests those domains when it occurs in writing.

Police who kill peaceful demonstrators–who commands them?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Catacosmesis

Catacosmesis (kat-a-kos-mees’-is): Ordering words from greatest to least in dignity, or in correct order of time.

From the Tesla Model S, to the Nissan LEAF, to my humble E-Z Go; from grand sedans to golf carts, the electrics are here to stay!

Hello quiet and clean! Goodbye, gasoline!

Or:

We are born, we live, we die. End of story?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Synathroesmus

Synathroesmus (sin-ath-res’-mus): 1. The conglomeration of many words and expressions either with similar meaning (= synonymia) or not (= congeries).  2. A gathering together of things scattered throughout a speech (= accumulatio [:Bringing together various points made throughout a speech and presenting them again in a forceful, climactic way. A blend of summary and climax.])

He was cruel, vicious, wicked, violent. A monster. A killer. A human stain! He got what he deserved. Now that he’s dead, we can put our lives back together again.

Or:

He’s a robber, a philanthropist, a farmer, a preacher, a sinner, a gambler, a winner, a saint, a liar, and my best friend. Am I in trouble?

Or:

In summer, he spent his days digging worms and feeding them to Ed (his pet Robin), practicing his acrobatics (he loved cartwheels and backflips), knitting what he called “nose warmers,” and sometimes pushing a shopping cart around in the basement, pretending he was at the grocery store and complaining about the cost of bread and milk and caviar.

At night he would go into the woods behind his home, strip naked, pound his chest, and spit at the starry sky.

Every morning he would get up, go to the kitchen, put his left hand in the toaster oven and sing the theme song from the musical “Annie.” Then, he would put two slices of bread into the toaster oven, turn it on, and wait. When the toast was ready, he took it out of the toaster oven, held one piece in each hand over his head and yelled (in French), “Let them eat cake!”

It was during the fall, winter, and spring that he worked at night in his office, and during the day, in his laboratory at M.I.T. He had won two Nobel Prizes in two entirely different fields: Physics and Literature. His teaching evaluations were through the roof. Over the course of his career he had landed nearly $20,000,000 worth of grants to support his scholarly and creative endeavors.

In short, the guy was a totally weird Nobel Prize winning genius nutcase. Not only that, he was my father and our whole family loved him. So did his colleagues. If only they knew!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Hypozeuxis

Hypozeuxis  (hyp-o-zook’-sis): Opposite of zeugma. Every clause has its own verb.

As Lincoln said, “If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it.”

Last night, President Obama gave a speech on Syria, the pundits yelled at each other, Chris Matthews went nuts, and I turned off my TV.

The House is divided. Whither are we tending?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Correctio

Correctio (cor-rec’-ti-o): The amending of a term or phrase just employed; or, a further specifying of meaning, especially by indicating what something is not (which may occur either before or after the term or phrase used). A kind of redefinition, often employed as a parenthesis (an interruption) or as a climax.

This is war. It’s not a threat, a nightmare, or some stupid kid’s macho video game. This is about killing, killing, more killing, and much, much more filthy, disgusting, remorseless, relentless, unforgettable, stench-filled, shrieking killing.  This is war. Let’s go! Let’s kill! Let’s do the right thing!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Prolepsis

Prolepsis (pro-lep’-sis):  (1) A synonym for procatalepsis [refuting anticipated objections];  (2) speaking of something future as though already done or existing. A figure of anticipation.

1. They’re going to say that $12,000 is a lot of money to spend: period! We’re going to say that what we’re proposing to purchase today will give us at least, at a minimum, 15 years of service–15 years of enabling good things to happen here year after year after year.

We’re going to say: “Do the math, that’s $800 per year! If you’re willing to spend $15,000+ for a one-time event that’s here tonight and gone in the morning, is rowdy and raucus, leaves the lawn littered with trash, sends people to the emergency room, and is the herald of morning-after booze-induced pain–all in the name of FUN, you should certainly be willing to invest $12,000.00 in 15 years of quiet, clean, safe, and painless FUN.

2. I can’t believe you posted our video on YouTube. We better start writing our obituaries. We are dead!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Epicrisis

Epicrisis (e-pi-cri’-sis): When a speaker quotes a certain passage and makes comment upon it.

Related figuresanamenesis–calling to memory past matters. More specifically, citing a past author from memory–and chreia (from the Greek chreiodes, “useful”) . . . “a brief reminiscence referring to some person in a pithy form for the purpose of edification.” It takes the form of an anecdote that reports either a saying, an edifying action, or both.

The political philosopher Eric Vogelin tells us that “the role of human existence must be played in uncertainty of its meaning as an adventure in decision along the edge of freedom and necessity.”

Uncertainty motivates decision. Decision entails risk.  Risk is the estimated consequence of action, and action is the herald of sorrow and joy, regret and satisfaction, and all the other dialectically-poised and unknowable outcomes of human being–of being always, all the time, a prisoner of choice on an island of freedom.

Yet, the island may be as large as the future is unknowable. So, as we set off on our next adventure in decision, somehow we must transform our uncertainty as to where we will end up into the belief that we’re going in the right direction.

Our hope is history’s backward-looking map and rhetoric is the star that sets our course.

We are Janus’ children born into the present.  Looking back and seeing forward, we are able to move ahead.

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Definitions courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Antitheton

Antitheton (an-tith’-e-ton): A proof or composition constructed of contraries. Antitheton is closely related to and sometimes confused with the figure of speech that juxtaposes opposing terms, antithesis. However, it is more properly considered a figure of thought (=Topic of Invention: Contraries [a topic of invention in which one considers opposite or incompatible things that are of the same kind (if they are of different kinds, the topic of similarity / difference is more appropriate). Because contraries occur in pairs and exclude one another, they are useful in arguments because one can establish one’s case indirectly, proving one’s own assertion by discrediting the contrary]).

What you hope will inspire fear in your enemies and induce them to capitulate may actually inspire your enemies to hope more fervently for victory.  Theirs will be a quality of hope that you, my friend, should absolutely fear!

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Definitions courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Personification

Personification: Reference to abstractions or inanimate objects as though they had human qualities or abilities. The English term for prosopopeia (pro-so-po-pe’-i-a) or ethopoeia (e-tho-po’-ia): the description and portrayal of a character (natural propensities, manners and affections, etc.).

The Fukushima reactor is badly, but not terminally wounded. For 2 years it has poured out its deathly boiling gore.

Will a wall of ice seal its unhealable wounds?

Some so-called ‘sceptics’ believe that Fukushima is bleeding an immortal flow of endless catastrophe.

In the END, will its endless flow soak the heart and drown the soul of frail Mother Earth?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Epiplexis

Epiplexis (e-pi-plex’-is): Asking questions in order to chide, to express grief, or to inveigh. A kind of rhetorical question [–the speaker does not expect an answer].

Did you think that invading Iraq was a good idea?  What about Afghanistan? Good idea? What about Syria?  Good idea? When is war ever a good idea?  Never? Sometimes? Later this week?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Antistasis

Antistasis (an-ti’-sta-sis): The repetition of a word in a contrary sense. Often, simply synonymous with antanaclasis.

If you believe you’re covered by the cope of heavan, you will cope more readily with everything under the sun.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Metabasis

Metabasis (me-ta’-ba-sis): A transitional statement in which one explains what has been and what will be said.

Now that I’ve offered a broad justification for going to Hell, I’d like to turn our attention specifically to Syria and explain why cutting through Syria is possibly the best way to get to Hell.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Ampliatio

Ampliatio (am’-pli-a’-ti-o): Using the name of something or someone before it has obtained that name or after the reason for that name has ceased. A form of epitheton.

(1) Good morning Ms. President! Mommy and Daddy will be so proud. Here’s your lunch. Have fun at school! Bye bye Ms. President!

(2) Stop calling me “Studly.” Those days are gone forever. Why don’t you just call me “Quits” and bring me another beer and a bowl of chips?  Who farted?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Pareuresis

Pareuresis (par-yur-ee’-sis): To put forward a convincing excuse.

Hank, when I was diagnosed with cancer I panicked. Fearful of my family’s future, I started cooking meth to pay my medical bills and to save my family from financial ruin. I thought for sure that I was going to die. Who could have known? Now I’m nearly a billionaire, Skyler and I have a very successful carwash, and I’m totally cured of cancer.

Now, I have an offer to make.

How would you like 10-million dollars and a 50 percent stake in the car wash? Our families can have what they really deserve and we can quietly bring this nasty little episode in our lives to an end.

If you refuse, I’m going to have to give you a 100 percent stake in a bullet to the head.

What’ll it be Hank?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Chiasmus

Chiasmus (ki-az’-mus): 1. Repetition of ideas in inverted order.  2. Repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order (not to be mistaken with antimetabole, in which identical words are repeated and inverted).

1. I’m having trouble understanding what “brotherhood” means, especially on the streets of Cairo. “Brotherhood” means what brotherhood does, so what does brotherhood mean in Cairo?

2. To hope for freedom may be freedom’s spark. Freedom’s fire starts with hoping to be free. Fear puts out the fire that hope lit.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Diazeugma

Diazeugma (di-a-zoog’-ma): The figure by which a single subject governs several verbs or verbal constructions (usually arranged in parallel fashion and expressing a similar idea); the opposite of zeugma.

A: Anthony Weiner’s shocking photographic forays mangled his political career, roughed up his marriage, and kicked his supporters in the crotch. I think we’ve seen him go under once and for all.

B: Under where?

A: That’s not funny.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Inter se pugnantia

Inter se pugnantia (in’-ter-say-pug-nan’-ti-a): Using direct address to reprove someone before an audience, pointing out the contradictions in that person’s character, often between what a person does and says.

He says he’s a leader, but the plutocrats pull his strings. He says he’s a peacemaker, but we’re mired in wars. He says he’s our friend, but he spies on us all. He says he loves his neighbor, but he lives in a fortress.

Puppet. Warmonger. Traitor. Liar.

What can we do?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Period

Period: The periodic sentence, characterized by the suspension of the completion of sense until its end. This has been more possible and favored in Greek and Latin, languages already favoring the end position for the verb, but has been approximated in uninflected languages such as English. [This figure may also engender surprise or suspense–consequences of what Kenneth Burke views as ‘appeals’ of information.]

Wonderful people, stunning landscapes, delicious food, spine-tingling vodka, relaxing stretched-out days, delightful twilight nights: Iceland!

I visited Iceland last week.

I will remember Iceland for the rest of my life!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text inserted by Gorgias.

Perclusio

Perclusio (per-clu’-si-o): A threat against someone, or something.

If you don’t stop the political craziness in Washington, DC, we’re going to stop paying federal income tax.  We’re sick of shelling out money to pay for bickering boring bunglers blaming their way toward dystopia in buggies drawn by toadies, sycophants, and lickspittles wearing cocked hats, smelly wool suits, and manifest destiny flip-flops.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Intimation

Intimation: Hinting at a meaning but not stating it explicitly.

I think we’re going to hear a Royal “waaa-waaa” pretty soon!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).