Tag Archives: public speaking

Paromologia

Paromologia (par-o-mo-lo’-gi-a): Conceding an argument, either jestingly and contemptuously, or to prove a more important point.  A synonym for concessio.

Yup, I’m late to yet another weekly meeting–last week there was an accident–two weeks ago there was construction–today it was the fire. Who knows what it’ll be next! Let’s explore using our video conferencing capabilities for three of the four meetings we have each month, and keep one meeting face to face–with a flexible start time. That way, we’ll save money, start most of our meetings on time, and generally, be more productive. What say?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Hendiadys

Hendiadys (hen-di’-a-dis): Expressing a single idea by two nouns [joined by a conjunction] instead of a noun and its qualifier. A method of amplification that adds force. Hendiadys can be considered a specific application of anthimeria, the more general term indicating the substitution of one part of speech for another.  Hendiadys [is realted to polysyndeton–it] increases the use of conjunctions in a sentence in the very act of transforming an adjective-noun combination into two nouns. [In addition,] making an adjective a noun changes it from a subordinate to an ordinate or parallel position, inviting one to consider the nouns as related but distinct. Like hendiadys, paradiastole divides out and distinguishes terms normally considered completely consistent with one another.

It wasn’t the sparkle, or the diamonds, or the two rings that made that night a special night–it was the commitment we exchanged.

vs.

It wasn’t the two sparkling diamond rings that made that night a special night–it was the commitment we exchanged.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Chronographia

Chronographia (chro-no-graph’-i-a): Vivid representation of a certain historical or recurring time (such as a season) to create an illusion of reality. A kind of enargia: [the] generic name for a group of figures aiming at vivid, lively description.

Twilight at winter’s edge–leafless trees sketched in pen and ink along the tangled hedgerow–long-fingered shadows stroking the open field–there’s the moon pale pink rising! So sweet! Let’s build a bonfire, summon the frost, and talk about the first-snow-falling!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Anthypophora

Anthypophora (an’-thi-po’-phor-a): A figure of reasoning in which one asks and then immediately answers one’s own questions (or raises and then settles imaginary objections). Reasoning aloud. Anthypophora sometimes takes the form of asking the audience or one’s adversary what can be said on a matter, and thus can involve both anacoenosis and apostrophe.

Sure, it’s raining, cold, and fairly late. You want to stay home. So does everybody else in the world! So hey, when will we have a better chance of finding a parking place close to Saks, getting in there, getting the shoes you need for school, and getting right back out the door? We’ll be back home in time to watch “CSI Miami”! Come on, let’s go!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Tmesis

Tmesis (tmee’-sis): Interjecting a word or phrase between parts of a compound word or between syllables of a word.

This is the most ridiculous proposal we’ve ever had put in front of us! It’ll result in another piece of legis-Bozo-lation–a law written by clowns to guide their circus act! I say, no way will I ever vote to approve it, and neither should you!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu).

Diaskeue

Diaskeue (di-as-keu’-ee): Graphic peristasis (description of circumstances) intended to arouse the emotions.

Look! Look at this! This is his face–his head–a horrible jagged scar from cheek to ear, ear to forehead, forehead to the back of his neck; and what’s more, a battered heart beating out panic attacks like he’s on a constant roller-coaster ride from hell! They put in him in harm’s way, and there is nothing in the world (not even love and money) that can make his mind and body whole again. Nothing!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Pysma

Pysma (pys’-ma): The asking of multiple questions successively (which would together require a complex reply). A rhetorical use of the question.

How many times do we have to come to the table? What is the meaning of all this back-stabbing? Who is responsible for starting this conflict? Is this the way we want to live? Why can’t we compromise? Why can’t we just leave each other alone?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Accismus

Accismus (ak-iz’-mus): A feigned refusal of that which is earnestly desired.

Oh wow! You are too generous–I couldn’t possibly accept that Rolex watch! I can’t imagine how what I did deserves that kind of recognition! No! Take it back!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Anacoluthon

Anacoluthon (an-a-co-lu’-thon): A grammatical interruption or lack of implied sequence within a sentence. That is, beginning a sentence in a way that implies a certain logical resolution, but concluding it differently than the grammar leads one to expect. Anacoluthon can be either a grammatical fault or a stylistic virtue, depending on its use. In either case, it is an interruption or a verbal lack of symmetry. Anacoluthon is characteristic of spoken language or interior thought, and thus suggests those domains when it occurs in writing.

My Saab averages 30 miles per gallon of gas–who needs a hybrid?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Comprobatio

Comprobatio (com-pro-ba’-ti-o): Approving and commending a virtue, especially in the hearers.

The operation was a complete success! As a team, as expected (as ever) you displayed courage, resourcefulness, and camaraderie–three key virtues that have enabled us to successfully complete our missions without losing anybody; no matter how weird it gets out there and no matter how many unexpected events we encounter along the way!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Procatalepsis

Procatalepsis (pro-cat-a-lep’-sis): Refuting anticipated objections.

You may believe that my proposal is not warranted by law or expediency. You may believe it does not look far enough into the future or take into account the contingencies that may thwart the fulfillment of its aims. Well, I’m here today to tell you that it is lawful, practical, and forward-looking, and that it explicitly addresses all the conceivable pitfalls that lie ahead! First, as far as its legality is concerned . . .

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Eucharistia

Eucharistia (eu-cha-ris’-ti-a): Giving thanks for a benefit received, sometimes adding one’s inability to repay.

Wow! I never expected a new Ducati for my birthday. Thank you so much–there’s no way I’ll ever be able to match this one on your birthday! You are the best! Want to go for a ride?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Enantiosis

Enantiosis (e-nan-ti-o’-sis): Using opposing or contrary descriptions together, typically in a somewhat paradoxical manner.

Hope may enable you to persevere, but on the other hand, it may keep you stuck in a rut without realizing it!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Aposiopesis

Aposiopesis (a-pos-i-o-pee’-sis): Breaking off suddenly in the middle of speaking, usually to portray being overcome with emotion.

And then the fire came over the hill right toward me–it was moving so fast–it was–oh, please, I can’t talk about it–it was–I can’t, I can’t–please turn off the camera!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Aetiologia

Aetiologia (ae-ti-o-log’-i-a): A figure of reasoning by which one attributes a cause for a statement or claim made, often as a simple relative clause of explanation.

The times we’re living through are puzzling, rough, and uncertain. I say this today because, once again, I awoke to the drumbeat of another disaster pulsing through the news–on the radio, on the Internet, in the newspaper, in high definition on TV.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Optatio

Optatio (op-ta’-ti-o): Expressing a wish, often ardently

There’s too much weirdness in the world! If only I could have one normal day–I wish the hours would pass like big fluffy clouds–just one normal day–that’s all I want–one normal day!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetorica” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Euche

Euche (yoo’-kay): A vow to keep a promise.

We must never forget the sacrifice these young men and women made. They are gone, and the promise they made to serve their country has been more than fulfilled.  Let us remember their patriotism and their courage.  We are grateful for what they endured and gave their lives for–we must never forget–they went into harm’s way on our behalf. So, in many different ways, we are all affected by their loss and offer our heartfelt condolences to their families, friends, and comrades.

And I swear before almighty God that I will do everything in my power to ensure that these good people did not die in vain. I will not let them down. This I promise to you: we will defeat the enemy. We will win this war. We will have peace.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Synathroesmus

Synathroesmus (sin-ath-res’-mus): 1. The conglomeration of many words and expressions either with similar meaning (= synonymia) or not (= congeries).  2. A gathering together of things scattered throughout a speech (= accumulatio [:Bringing together various points made throughout a speech and presenting them again in a forceful, climactic way. A blend of summary and climax.])

She was smart, intelligent, brilliant.  She was a genius!

Or:

He was crazy, lazy, wealthy, wicked, and wonderful–he was my father!

Or:

This 30-year-old yo-yo stole $500 and 10 lotto tickets from his grandmother! His 82-year-old grandmother! His own flesh and blood! She raised him.  She fed him. She clothed him. She loaned him money. She nursed him back to health when he nearly died from a motorcycle accident! In short, she’s always loved him like she was his own mother. And what did he do in return?  He climbed through her bedroom window one warm summer night, scared her half to death with this ski mask pulled over his face, and stole her cash–her rent and her grocery money–and her lotto tickets too!

In sum, this loser wrote the book on shameless self-absorbed hateful greed–he is a model of wanton sleaze–a perfect picture of ingratitude–a paradigm of criminal treachery!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Topographia

Topographia (top-o-graf’-i-a): Description of a place. A kind of enargia [: {en-ar’-gi-a} generic name for a group of figures aiming at vivid, lively description].

Our cabin in the woods is one mile off the road over a narrow dirt track with a locked chain across its entrance that says in big red letters “Keep Out”. The road winds up a steep hill past huge white pines, maples, birches, and a few scraggly cherry trees. The cabin is one room–12 by 18 feet.  It has no plumbing or electricity. Outside, it’s covered by bat & board pine siding–inside, rough unfinished plywood panels. It has dark-green shingles and a rusty stove-pipe sticking out of the roof. There are seven windows looking in all directions–through the woods, over the valley, across the lake, down the hill. There’s a wood-stove with a dirty blue carpet in front of it, and pushed up against two windows looking over the valley is an old chipped-up white porcelain-topped table with three squeaky white chairs around it. There’s a gun rack, fishing poles, two canoe paddles, a fold out queen-sized bed, a folded-up cot, three sets of snowshoes, and a narrow counter with a Coleman stove on it along with mugs, and a tea kettle.  Hanging from one of the rafters is a kerosene lamp–black and gold.  There’s a small bookcase by the couch filled with children’s books on the top shelf and firewood on the bottom.

Many happy family memories live in that cabin in the woods–hot chocolate, reading out loud, listening to sounds at night–the waterfall, the crickets, the coyotes, the owls. What a place!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Metaphor

Metaphor (met’-a-phor): A comparison made by referring to one thing as another.

Time is a blister on eternity.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu). Bracketed text added by Gorgias.

Erotema

Erotema (e-ro-tem’-a): The rhetorical question. To affirm or deny a point strongly by asking it as a question. Generally, as Melanchthon has noted, the rhetorical question includes an emotional dimension, expressing wonder, indignation, sarcasm, etc.

Immunity from prosecution? Again? Why can’t we operate within the law in the first place? Have we come to a point in American history where immunity is crime’s reward?

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Epitrope

Epitrope (e-pi’-tro-pe): A figure in which one turns things over to one’s hearers, either pathetically, ironically, or in such a way as to suggest a proof of something without having to state it. Epitrope often takes the form of granting permission (hence its Latin name, permissio), submitting something for consideration, or simply referring to the abilities of the audience to supply the meaning that the speaker passes over (hence Puttenham’s term, figure of reference). Epitrope can be either biting in its irony, or flattering in its deference.

A specific form of epitrope is the (apparent) admission of what is wrong in order to carry our point.

Sure, you can do what you want to do–go ahead–quit your job, leave my sister, abandon my little baby niece.  Go ahead–have some real fun! I won’t come looking for you. I won’t track you down. I won’t hurt you.

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)

Coenotes

Coenotes (cee’-no-tees): Repetition of two different phrases: one at the beginning and the other at the end of successive paragraphs. Note: Composed of anaphora and epistrophe, coenotes is simply a more specific kind of symploce (the repetition of phrases, not merely words).

What is the purpose of government? To manage the state’s finances; always to serve the res publica.What is the purpose of government? To enact, revise, and enforce the law; always to serve the res publica.

What is the purpose of government? To raise, equip, and train an effective fighting force; always to serve the res publica.

What is the purpose of government? Always, to serve the res publica!

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Definition courtesy of “Silva Rhetoricae” (rhetoric.byu.edu)